CRS Reports on Trade Issues

 

(Updated: June 2022)

Covid-19 and international trade

Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID-19, May 4, 2022

COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment—Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress, April 19, 2022

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa, December 22, 2021

COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs, November 17, 2021

Global Economic Effects of COVID-19, November 10, 2021

Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations, January 14, 2022

COVID-19 and the U.S. Timber Industry, July 29, 2021

Potential WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19, June 16, 2021

The Biden Administration Announces its Support for a WTO TRIPS Waiver, May 7, 2021

Export Restrictions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, April 26, 2021

COVID-19 International Responses: Resources for the 117th Congress, January 28, 2021

COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues, December 23, 2020

Introduction to the U.S. Economy: GDP and Economic Growth, October 30, 2020

Global Economic Growth Forecasts: Impact of COVID-19, September 1, 2020

COVID-19 International Responses: Resources for Comparison with U.S. Policies, August 14, 2020

Temporary Deferment of Import Duty Payments, April 30, 2020

COVID-19: International Trade and Access to Pharmaceutical Products, March 30, 2020

COVID-19: Global Implications and Responses, June 12, 2020

The Coronavirus: U.S.-China Economic Considerations, March 2, 2020

Russia-Ukraine War and Trade

Russia’s 2022 War Against Ukraine: Global Economic Effects, May 12, 2022

Russia’s War on Ukraine: The Economic Impact of Sanctions, May 3, 2022

China-Russia Relations, May 2, 2022

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. Sanctions and Other Responses, April 22, 2022

Russia’s Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues, April 11, 2022

Russia’s Trade and Investment Role in the Global Economy, March 24, 2022

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: European Union Responses and Implications for U.S.-EU Relations, March 23, 2022

Enforcement of Economic Sanctions: An Overview, March 18, 2022

Invasion of Ukraine: Russia’s Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues, March 18, 2022

New Financial and Trade Sanctions Against Russia, March 17, 2022

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for Agricultural Trade and Production, March 17, 2022

Russia, Ukraine, and the International Financial Institutions, March 14, 2022

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: New Financial and Trade Sanctions, March 4, 2022

Overview of International Trade, Foreign Investment, and U.S. Trade Policy

U.S. Trade Policy Primer: Frequently Asked Questions, February 4, 2021

U.S. Government Procurement and International Trade, June 1, 2022

Industrial Policy and International Trade, May 23, 2022

Supply Disruptions and the U.S. Economy, May 13, 2022

Summary of Selected Biden Administration Actions on Supply Chains, May 13, 2022

Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs, April 20, 2021

Foreign Direct Investment: Background and Issues, April 13, 2022

U.S. International Investment Agreements (IIAs), April 1, 2022

U.S. Trade Policy: Background and Current Issues, March 16, 2022

International Trade and E-commerce, March 14, 2022

Biden Administration Plans for an Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, February 25, 2022

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and International Trade, February 7, 2022

Managed Trade and Quantitative Restrictions: Issues for Congress, January 25, 2022

U.S. Trade Debates: Select Disputes and Actions, January 25, 2022

U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What?, January 14, 2022

Introduction to U.S. Economy: GDP and Economic Growth, January 13, 2022

Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties, January 11, 2022

U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, January 6, 2022

Major Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority, December 28, 2021

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements Timeline, December 13, 2021

Digital Trade and U.S. Trade Policy, December 9, 2021

Biden Administration Signals Plans for an Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, December 2, 2021

What’s in the New U.S.-EU Steel and Aluminum Deal? November 12, 2021

International Trade Agreements and Job Estimates, October 13, 2021

Trade Remedies: Countervailing Duties, August 23, 2021

Worker Rights Provisions and U.S. Trade Policy, July 16, 2021

U.S. Agricultural Export Programs: Background and Issues, April 14, 2021

Revoking Hong Kong’s Preferential Trade Status: Legal Framework and Implications, April 2, 2021

Rules of Origin, February 17, 2021

International Trade and Finance: Overview and Key Issues for the 117th Congress, February 3, 2021

Economic Sanctions: Overview for the 117th Congress, January 15, 2021

SelectUSA Program: U.S. Inbound Investment Promotion, January 14, 2021

Major Agricultural Trade Issues in the 117th Congress, January 8, 2021

Foreign Direct Investment: Overview and Issues, January 4, 2021

U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress, January 19, 2021

Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress, December 16, 2020

Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions, December 15, 2020

Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress, November 24, 2020

Trade Remedies: Antidumping, September 10, 2020

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements, August 8, 2020

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use, July 14, 2020

Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade, May 12, 2020

International Trade: Rules of Origin, March 3, 2020

Major Agricultural Trade Issues in 2020, February 27, 2020

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues, February 20, 2020

International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 116th Congress, January 17, 2020

U.S. Trade: Recent Trends and Developments,  August 13, 2019

U.S. Trade with Major Trading Partners, December 18, 2018

U.S. Trade Trends and Developments, December 3, 2018

U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, CRS In Focus, November 28, 2018

Tit-for-Tat Tariff Measures and U.S. Trade Policy, July 11, 2018

The Economic Effects of Trade: Overview and Policy Challenges, April 20, 2018

International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 115th Congress, March 5, 2018Presidential Authority over Trade: Imposing Tariffs and Duties, December 9, 2016

U.S. Withdrawal from Free Trade Agreements: Frequently Asked Legal Questions, September 7, 2016

U.S. Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy: Frequently Asked Questions, March 25, 2016

Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than Treaties, April 15, 2013

Trade-Related U.S. Government Agencies

Export-Import Bank: New Domestic Financing Initiative, May 31, 2022

Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank), January 28, 2022

U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview and Issues, January 10, 2022

U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA), January 21, 2021

CFIUS: New Foreign Investment Review Regulations, May 28, 2020

Impact of Trade Agreements and Trade Preference Programs

The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues, May 4, 2022

U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) Program, February 26, 2020

Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements: Issues for Congress, May 17, 2018

U.S. Trade with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Partners, April 24, 2018

Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy, February 26, 2014

Trade Preferences: Economic Issues and Policy Options, January 10, 2013

U.S. Trade Policy and the Caribbean: From Trade Preferences to Free Trade Agreement, January 6, 2011

Textile and Apparel Trade and Trade Policy

Textile and Apparel Sectors Disagree on Certain Provisions of the Proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Agreement, CRS In Focus, March 5, 2019

Renegotiating NAFTA and U.S. Textile Manufacturing, October 30, 2017

U.S. Textile Manufacturing and the Proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, September 1, 2016

U.S. Clothing and Textile Trade with China and the World: Trends Since the End of Quotas, July 10, 2007

DR-CAFTA, Textiles, and Apparel, May 20, 2005

Haiti Textile Industry: Impact of Proposed Trade Assistance, February 18, 2005

Textile and Apparel Rules of Origin in International Trade, May 23, 2003

Textile and apparel Trade Issues, February 1, 2002

USMCA (NAFTA 2.0)

USMCA: Motor Vehicle Rules of Origin, April 21, 2022

USMCA: Labor Provisions, January 20, 2022

U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement, December 29, 2021

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), December 28, 2021

USMCA: Legal Enforcement of the Labor and Environment Provisions, May 14, 2021

U.S.-Mexico Trade Relations, April 26, 2021

Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, November 20, 2020

NAFTA and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), March 2, 2020

USMCA: A Legal Interpretation of the Panel-Formation Provisions and the Question of Panel Blocking, January 30, 2020

USMCA: Amendment and Key Changes, January 30, 2020

USMCA: Implementation and Considerations for Congress, January 30, 2020

USMCA: Investment Provisions, January 8, 2020

USMCA: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), January 6, 2020

Enforcing International Trade Obligations in USMCA: The State-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism, January 3, 2020

USMCA: Motor Vehicle Provisions and Issues, December 19, 2019

Dairy Provisions in USMCA, December 16, 2019

President Trump’s Possible Tariffs on Mexican Goods: Potential Economic Effects June 6, 2019

USMCA and Mexico’s New Labor Law, CRS Insight, May 22, 2019

Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, April 8, 2019

Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, October 5, 2018

NAFTA and the Preliminary U.S.-Mexico Agreement, September 19, 2018

NAFTA Renegotiation and Modernization, July 26, 2018

State Exports to NAFTA countries in 2016, October 24, 2017

NAFTA and Motor Vehicle Trade, July 28, 2017

North American Free Trade Agreement: Notification for Renegotiation, CRS Insight, May 19, 2017

Renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): What Actions Do Not Require Congressional Approval?, CRS Legal Sidebar, April 27, 2017

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), February 22, 2017

Renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): What Actions Do Not Require Congressional Approval?, CRS Legal Sidebar, January 26, 2017

U.S.-China trade deal (2020–)

U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal, May 27, 2022

China’s Recent Trade Measures and Countermeasures: Issues for Congress, December 10, 2021

China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative: Economic Issues, January 22, 2021

U.S.-China Phase I Deal: Agriculture, February 7, 2020

U.S. Signs Phase One Trade Deal with China, January 17, 2020

U.S.-Japan Free Trade Agreement

U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement Negotiations, April 18, 2022

“Stage One” U.S.-Japan Agreement: Agriculture, October 21, 2020

U.S.-Japan relations, April 29, 2020

“Stage One” U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements, December 20, 2019

Section 301 Investigation

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, May 26, 2022

Section 301 Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China, May 26, 2022

Presidential Authority to Address Tariff Barriers in Trade Agreements Under Section 103(a), January 6, 2022

COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs, November 3, 2021

Section 301 Tariffs on Goods from China: International and Domestic Legal Challenges, July 22, 2020 

Section 301: Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China, June 15, 2021

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Origin, Evolution, and Use, December 14, 2020

Section 301 Investigations: Vietnam’s Timber Trade and Currency Practices, November 12, 2020

Section 301 Investigations: Foreign Digital Services Taxes (DSTs), August 31, 2020

Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Affected Trade, January 29, 2020

Escalating Tariffs: Timeline, January 29, 2020

China’s Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture: In Brief, September 24, 2019

Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China, June 26, 2019

Section 232 Investigation 

Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, April 1, 2022

Section 232 Investigations: Overview and Issues for Congress, May 18, 2021

Section 232 Auto Investigation, January 31, 2020

Section 232 Investigation: Uranium Imports, July 16, 2019

Threats to National Security Foiled? A Wrap Up of New Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, March 12, 2018

Section 201 Investigation

Trade Remedies: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974, August 22, 2018

Trade Promotion and Authority (TPA)

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements, August 8, 2020

Major Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority, July 22, 2020

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), December 14, 2020

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA): Frequently Asked Questions, June 21, 2019

Environmental Issues in International Trade and Trade Agreement

Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), January 13, 2022

Labor Issues in International Trade and Trade Agreements

Section 307 and Imports Produced by Forced Labor, April 19, 2022

Section 307 and U.S. Imports of Products of Forced Labor: Overview and Issues for Congress, May 21, 2021

Labor Enforcement Issues in U.S. FTAs, December 18, 2020

Worker Rights Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), December 18, 2020

Overview of Labor Enforcement Issues in Free Trade Agreements, February 22, 2016

Export Control

The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Act of 2018, June 7, 2021

Export Controls: Key Challenges, January 14, 2021

U.S. Export Control Reforms and China: Issues for Congress, January 14, 2021

Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)

Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) August 22, 2019

Trade Deficit

What’s the Difference?—Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, May 20, 2020

U.S. Trade Deficit and the Impact of Changing Oil Prices, February 24, 2020

The U.S. Trade Deficit: An Overview, December 16, 2019

Trade Deficits and U.S. Trade Policy, June 28, 2018

Should the U.S. Trade Deficit be Redefined?, CRS Insight, March 17, 2017

Financing the U.S. Trade Deficit, October 7, 2016

What’s the Difference?—Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, April 23, 2018

U.S.-China Trade Relationship

China Primer: Uyghurs, June 7, 2021

Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress, March 31, 2021

U.S.-China Trade Relations, February 9, 2021

U.S.-China Investment Ties: Overview, January 15, 2021

China’s 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look, November 12, 2020

China Issues New Export Control Law and Related Policies, October 26, 2020

U.S. Export Control Reforms and China: Issues for Congress, August 21, 2020

The Made in China 2025 Initiative: Economic Implications for the United States, August 11, 2020

Tracking China’s Global Economic Activities: Data Challenges and Issues for Congress, July 14, 2020

Revoking Hong Kong’s Preferential Trade Status: Legal Framework and Implications, June 5, 2020

What’s the Difference?—Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, March 20, 2020

Tracking China’s Global Economic Activities: Data Challenges and Issues for Congress, April 2, 2020

U.S.-China Trade and Economic Relations: Overview, January 29, 2020

Trade Dispute with China and Rare Earth Elements, June 28, 2019

China-U.S. Trade Issues, June 23, 2019

China-U.S. Trade Issues, July 30, 2018

China’s Retaliatory Tariffs on Selected U.S. Agricultural Products, April 4, 2018

World Trade Organization

WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), June 1, 2022

The World Trade Organization, May 27, 2022

World Trade Organization: Overview and Future Direction, October 18, 2021

Key Issues in WTO Agriculture Negotiations, September 22, 2021

World Trade Organization Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations, September 16, 2021

Potential WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19, September 13, 2021

Agriculture in the WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12), August 19, 2021

Addressing Nontariff Barriers to Agricultural Trade at the WTO, August 16, 2021

The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) Appellate Body: Key Disputes and Controversies, July 22, 2021

WTO: Ministerial Delay, COVID-19, and Ongoing Issues, June 5, 2021

The Legal Framework for Waiving World Trade Organization (WTO) Obligations, May 17, 2021

Dispute Settlement in the WTO and U.S. Trade Agreements, February 1, 2021

Selecting a New WTO Director-General: Implications for the Global Trading System, February 18, 2021

Reforming the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, July 22, 2020

The WTO Withdrawal Resolutions, May 21, 2020

Internet Regimes and WTO E-Commerce Negotiations, January 28, 2020

The WTO’s Appellate Body Loses Its Quorum: Is This the Beginning of the End for the “Rules-Based Trading System”?, December 16, 2019

The “National Security Exception” and the World Trade Organization, November 28, 2018

Agriculture in the WTO: Rules and Limits on U.S. Domestic Support, September 6, 2018

The World Trade Organization (WTO): U.S. Participation at Risk?, July 31, 2018

The World Trade Organization, September 7, 2017

Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization (WTO): An Overview, November 26, 2016

African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)

African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), January 6, 2022

The Trump Administration’s Prosper Africa Initiative, November 17, 2020

U.S. Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview, May 20, 2020

African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA): Background and Reauthorization, April 22, 2015

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

CPTPP: Overview and Issues for Congress, April 8, 2022

China and Taiwan Both Seek to Join the CPTPP, September 24, 2021

TPP countries sign new CPTPP without the United States, March 9, 2018

UK and Brexit

U.S.-UK Trade Relations, February 17, 2022

The United Kingdom, France and the Indo-Pacific, August 5, 2021

Brexit: Overview, Trade, and Northern Ireland, March 24, 2021

Brexit and Outlook for U.S.-UK Trade Agreement, January 14, 2021

The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States, April 3, 2020

Brexit: Status and Outlook, February 13, 2020

New UK Leadership: Implications for Brexit, July 31, 2019

U.S.-UK Free Trade Agreement: Prospects and Issues for Congress, April 14, 2017

European Union

U.S.-EU Trade Relations, May 6, 2022

The European Parliament and U.S. Interests, May 6, 2022

U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress, January 14, 2022

U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Relations, December 21, 2021

EU Agricultural Domestic Support: Overview and Comparison with the United States, June 7, 2021

U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress, June 24, 2021

EU Digital Policy and International Trade, March 25, 2021

The European Union: Questions and Answers, October 28, 2021

U.S.-EU Trade and Investment Ties: Magnitude and Scope, January 19, 2020

U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress, January 22, 2021

U.S.-European Relations in the 116th Congress, May 27, 2020

Transatlantic Relations: U.S. Interests and Key Issues, April 27, 2020

U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Trade in Food and Agricultural Products, February 27, 2020

Proposed U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations: Hitting Pause on a Trade War?, August 9, 2018

U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Issues, August 1, 2018

Economic Implications of a United Kingdom Exit from the European Union, July 14, 2016

Other Free Trade Agreements

U.S.-Kenya FTA negotiations, May 27, 2022

U.S.-South Korea (KORUS) FTA and Bilateral Trade Relations, February 3, 2022

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), August 5, 2021

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), February 7, 2020

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: Status and Recent Developments, November 19, 2020

EU-Japan FTA: Implications for U.S. Trade Policy, June 26, 2020

U.S. Trade Relations with Trading Partners

U.S.-Brazil Trade Relations, October 23, 2020

U.S. Manufacturing and Trade

Domestic Steel Manufacturing: Overview and Prospects, May 17, 2022

U.S. Steel Manufacturing: National Security and Tariffs, August 12, 2021

The Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions, March 31, 2021

Buying American: The Berry and Kissell Amendments, January 13, 2021 

Job Creation in the Manufacturing Revival, July 19, 2019

U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective, February 21, 2018

Buying American: Protecting U.S. Manufacturing Through the Berry and Kissell Amendments, May 18, 2017

Trade Implications of the President’s Buy American Executive Order, CRS Insight, May 2, 2017

The Meaning of “Made in USA”, May 5, 2017

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), January 13, 2022

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview and Issues for Congress, January 7, 2021

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview, November 7, 2019

Trump Administration’s Proposed Removal of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Benefits for India and Turkey, March 15, 2019

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers: Sunset Provisions and “Reversion 2021”, July 9, 2021

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, October 13, 2020

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers and the TAA Reauthorization Act of 2015, August 14, 2018

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers, August 1, 2016

Miscellaneous Tariff Bills (MTBs)

Miscellaneous Tariff Bills (MTBs), December 1, 2021

Miscellaneous Tariff Bills: Overview and Issues for Congress, April 22, 2016

Trade in Services and Digital Trade

International Trade in Services, January 24, 2022

Digital Trade, December 3, 2020

Data Flows, Online Privacy, and Trade Policy, March 26, 2020

U.S. Trade in Services: Trends and Policy Issues, January 22, 2020

Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) Negotiations: Overview and Issues for Congress, January 3, 2017

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)

The United States Withdraws from the TPP, CRS Insight, May 4, 2017

Moving On: TPP Signatories Meet in Chile, CRS Insight, March 16, 2017

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Analysis of Economic Studies, June 30, 2016

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Key Provisions and Issues for Congress, June 14, 2016

TPP Financial Services Data Flows, CRS Insight, June 3, 2016

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): In Brief, February 9, 2016

The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Strategic Implications, February 3, 2016

Border-Adjusted Taxes

Border-Adjusted Taxes and the Rules of the World Trade Organization: The Distinction Between Direct and Indirect Taxes, CRS Legal Sidebar, March 22, 2017

International Competitiveness: An Economic Analysis of VAT Border Tax Adjustments, July 30, 2009

Other Topics

2022 Summit of the Americas, May 24, 2022

The European Union and China, February 14, 2022

U.S.-India Trade Relations, January 21, 2022

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), May 18, 2021

Huawei and US Law, February 23, 2021

Vietnam’s Economy and U.S. Trade: Key Issues in 2021, February 1, 2021

Foreign Trade Remedy Investigations of U.S. Agricultural Products, November 10, 2020

International Trade and E-commerce, July 23, 2020

Blockchain and International Trade, CRS In Focus, updated June 25, 2019

International Law and Agreements: Their Effect Upon U.S. Law, September 19, 2018