(Updated: January 2022)
Covid-19 and international trade
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa, December 22, 2021
COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs, November 17, 2021
Global Economic Effects of COVID-19, November 10, 2021
COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment—Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress, October 5, 2021
Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID-19, October 15, 2021
COVID-19 and the U.S. Timber Industry, July 29, 2021
Potential WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19, June 16, 2021
The Biden Administration Announces its Support for a WTO TRIPS Waiver, May 7, 2021
Export Restrictions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, April 26, 2021
COVID-19 International Responses: Resources for the 117th Congress, January 28, 2021
Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations, December 29, 2020
COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues, December 23, 2020
Introduction to the U.S. Economy: GDP and Economic Growth, October 30, 2020
Global Economic Growth Forecasts: Impact of COVID-19, September 1, 2020
COVID-19 International Responses: Resources for Comparison with U.S. Policies, August 14, 2020
Temporary Deferment of Import Duty Payments, April 30, 2020
COVID-19: International Trade and Access to Pharmaceutical Products, March 30, 2020
COVID-19: Global Implications and Responses, June 12, 2020
The Coronavirus: U.S.-China Economic Considerations, March 2, 2020
Overview of International Trade, Foreign Investment, and U.S. Trade Policy
U.S. Trade Policy Primer: Frequently Asked Questions, February 4, 2021
U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What?, January 14, 2022
Introduction to U.S. Economy: GDP and Economic Growth, January 13, 2022
Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties, January 11, 2022
U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview and Issues, January 10, 2022
U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, January 6, 2022
Major Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority, December 28, 2021
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements Timeline, December 13, 2021
Digital Trade and U.S. Trade Policy, December 9, 2021
U.S. Trade Debates: Select Disputes and Actions, December 6, 2021
Biden Administration Signals Plans for an Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, December 2, 2021
What’s in the New U.S.-EU Steel and Aluminum Deal? November 12, 2021
International Trade Agreements and Job Estimates, October 13, 2021
Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs, September 29, 2021
Trade Remedies: Countervailing Duties, August 23, 2021
Worker Rights Provisions and U.S. Trade Policy, July 16, 2021
U.S. Agricultural Export Programs: Background and Issues, April 14, 2021
Revoking Hong Kong’s Preferential Trade Status: Legal Framework and Implications, April 2, 2021
U.S. Government Procurement and International Trade, November 17, 2021
Rules of Origin, February 17, 2021
Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank), February 4, 2021
International Trade and Finance: Overview and Key Issues for the 117th Congress, February 3, 2021
U.S. International Investment Agreements (IIAs), January 27, 2021
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and International Trade, January 25, 2021
U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA), January 21, 2021
Economic Sanctions: Overview for the 117th Congress, January 15, 2021
SelectUSA Program: U.S. Inbound Investment Promotion, January 14, 2021
Major Agricultural Trade Issues in the 117th Congress, January 8, 2021
Foreign Direct Investment: Overview and Issues, January 4, 2021
U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress, December 29, 2020
Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress, December 16, 2020
Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions, December 15, 2020
Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress, November 24, 2020
U.S. Trade Policy: Background and Current Issues, September 15, 2020
Trade Remedies: Antidumping, September 10, 2020
Managed Trade and Quantitative Restrictions: Issues for Congress, August 18, 2020
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements, August 8, 2020
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use, July 14, 2020
CFIUS: New Foreign Investment Review Regulations, May 28, 2020
Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade, May 12, 2020
International Trade: Rules of Origin, March 3, 2020
Major Agricultural Trade Issues in 2020, February 27, 2020
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues, February 20, 2020
International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 116th Congress, January 17, 2020
U.S. Trade: Recent Trends and Developments, August 13, 2019
U.S. Trade with Major Trading Partners, December 18, 2018
U.S. Trade Trends and Developments, December 3, 2018
U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, CRS In Focus, November 28, 2018
Tit-for-Tat Tariff Measures and U.S. Trade Policy, July 11, 2018
The Economic Effects of Trade: Overview and Policy Challenges, April 20, 2018
International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 115th Congress, March 5, 2018Presidential Authority over Trade: Imposing Tariffs and Duties, December 9, 2016
U.S. Withdrawal from Free Trade Agreements: Frequently Asked Legal Questions, September 7, 2016
U.S. Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy: Frequently Asked Questions, March 25, 2016
Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than Treaties, April 15, 2013
Impact of Trade Agreements and Trade Preference Programs
U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) Program, February 26, 2020
Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements: Issues for Congress, May 17, 2018
U.S. Trade with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Partners, April 24, 2018
Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy, February 26, 2014
Trade Preferences: Economic Issues and Policy Options, January 10, 2013
U.S. Trade Policy and the Caribbean: From Trade Preferences to Free Trade Agreement, January 6, 2011
Textile and Apparel Trade and Trade Policy
Textile and Apparel Sectors Disagree on Certain Provisions of the Proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Agreement, CRS In Focus, March 5, 2019
Renegotiating NAFTA and U.S. Textile Manufacturing, October 30, 2017
U.S. Textile Manufacturing and the Proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, September 1, 2016
U.S. Clothing and Textile Trade with China and the World: Trends Since the End of Quotas, July 10, 2007
DR-CAFTA, Textiles, and Apparel, May 20, 2005
Haiti Textile Industry: Impact of Proposed Trade Assistance, February 18, 2005
Textile and Apparel Rules of Origin in International Trade, May 23, 2003
Textile and apparel Trade Issues, February 1, 2002
USMCA (NAFTA 2.0)
U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement, December 29, 2021
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), December 28, 2021
USMCA: Legal Enforcement of the Labor and Environment Provisions, May 14, 2021
U.S.-Mexico Trade Relations, April 26, 2021
USMCA: Labor Provisions, January 8, 2021
Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, November 20, 2020
NAFTA and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), March 2, 2020
USMCA: A Legal Interpretation of the Panel-Formation Provisions and the Question of Panel Blocking, January 30, 2020
USMCA: Amendment and Key Changes, January 30, 2020
USMCA: Implementation and Considerations for Congress, January 30, 2020
USMCA: Investment Provisions, January 8, 2020
USMCA: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), January 6, 2020
Enforcing International Trade Obligations in USMCA: The State-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism, January 3, 2020
USMCA: Motor Vehicle Provisions and Issues, December 19, 2019
Dairy Provisions in USMCA, December 16, 2019
President Trump’s Possible Tariffs on Mexican Goods: Potential Economic Effects June 6, 2019
USMCA and Mexico’s New Labor Law, CRS Insight, May 22, 2019
Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, April 8, 2019
Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, October 5, 2018
NAFTA and the Preliminary U.S.-Mexico Agreement, September 19, 2018
NAFTA Renegotiation and Modernization, July 26, 2018
State Exports to NAFTA countries in 2016, October 24, 2017
NAFTA and Motor Vehicle Trade, July 28, 2017
North American Free Trade Agreement: Notification for Renegotiation, CRS Insight, May 19, 2017
Renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): What Actions Do Not Require Congressional Approval?, CRS Legal Sidebar, April 27, 2017
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), February 22, 2017
Renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): What Actions Do Not Require Congressional Approval?, CRS Legal Sidebar, January 26, 2017
U.S.-China trade deal (2020–)
China’s Recent Trade Measures and Countermeasures: Issues for Congress, December 10, 2021
China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative: Economic Issues, January 22, 2021
U.S.-China Phase I Deal: Agriculture, February 7, 2020
U.S. Signs Phase One Trade Deal with China, January 17, 2020
U.S.-Japan Free Trade Agreement
“Stage One” U.S.-Japan Agreement: Agriculture, October 21, 2020
U.S.-Japan relations, April 29, 2020
U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement Negotiations, December 18, 2020
“Stage One” U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements, December 20, 2019
Section 301 Investigation
Presidential Authority to Address Tariff Barriers in Trade Agreements Under Section 103(a), January 6, 2022
Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, December 6, 2021
COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs, November 3, 2021
Section 301 Tariffs on Goods from China: International and Domestic Legal Challenges, July 22, 2020
Section 301: Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China, June 15, 2021
Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Origin, Evolution, and Use, December 14, 2020
Section 301 Investigations: Vietnam’s Timber Trade and Currency Practices, November 12, 2020
Section 301 Investigations: Foreign Digital Services Taxes (DSTs), August 31, 2020
Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Affected Trade, January 29, 2020
Escalating Tariffs: Timeline, January 29, 2020
China’s Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture: In Brief, September 24, 2019
Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China, June 26, 2019
Section 232 Investigation
Section 232 Investigations: Overview and Issues for Congress, May 18, 2021
Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, November 4, 2021
Section 232 Auto Investigation, January 31, 2020
Section 232 Investigation: Uranium Imports, July 16, 2019
Threats to National Security Foiled? A Wrap Up of New Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, March 12, 2018
Section 201 Investigation
Trade Remedies: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974, August 22, 2018
Trade Promotion and Authority (TPA)
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements, August 8, 2020
Major Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority, July 22, 2020
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), December 14, 2020
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA): Frequently Asked Questions, June 21, 2019
Environmental Issues in International Trade and Trade Agreement
Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), January 13, 2022
Labor Issues in International Trade and Trade Agreements
Section 307 and Imports Produced by Forced Labor, December 15, 2021
Section 307 and U.S. Imports of Products of Forced Labor: Overview and Issues for Congress, May 21, 2021
Labor Enforcement Issues in U.S. FTAs, December 18, 2020
Worker Rights Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), December 18, 2020
Overview of Labor Enforcement Issues in Free Trade Agreements, February 22, 2016
Export Control
The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Act of 2018, June 7, 2021
Export Controls: Key Challenges, January 14, 2021
U.S. Export Control Reforms and China: Issues for Congress, January 14, 2021
Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) August 22, 2019
Trade Deficit
What’s the Difference?—Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, May 20, 2020
U.S. Trade Deficit and the Impact of Changing Oil Prices, February 24, 2020
The U.S. Trade Deficit: An Overview, December 16, 2019
Trade Deficits and U.S. Trade Policy, June 28, 2018
Should the U.S. Trade Deficit be Redefined?, CRS Insight, March 17, 2017
Financing the U.S. Trade Deficit, October 7, 2016
What’s the Difference?—Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, April 23, 2018
U.S.-China Trade Relationship
China Primer: Uyghurs, June 7, 2021
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress, March 31, 2021
U.S.-China Trade Relations, February 9, 2021
U.S.-China Investment Ties: Overview, January 15, 2021
China’s 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look, November 12, 2020
China Issues New Export Control Law and Related Policies, October 26, 2020
U.S. Export Control Reforms and China: Issues for Congress, August 21, 2020
The Made in China 2025 Initiative: Economic Implications for the United States, August 11, 2020
Tracking China’s Global Economic Activities: Data Challenges and Issues for Congress, July 14, 2020
Revoking Hong Kong’s Preferential Trade Status: Legal Framework and Implications, June 5, 2020
What’s the Difference?—Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, March 20, 2020
Tracking China’s Global Economic Activities: Data Challenges and Issues for Congress, April 2, 2020
U.S.-China Trade and Economic Relations: Overview, January 29, 2020
Trade Dispute with China and Rare Earth Elements, June 28, 2019
China-U.S. Trade Issues, June 23, 2019
China-U.S. Trade Issues, July 30, 2018
China’s Retaliatory Tariffs on Selected U.S. Agricultural Products, April 4, 2018
World Trade Organization
World Trade Organization: Overview and Future Direction, October 18, 2021
Key Issues in WTO Agriculture Negotiations, September 22, 2021
World Trade Organization Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations, September 16, 2021
Potential WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19, September 13, 2021
Agriculture in the WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12), August 19, 2021
Addressing Nontariff Barriers to Agricultural Trade at the WTO, August 16, 2021
The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) Appellate Body: Key Disputes and Controversies, July 22, 2021
WTO: Ministerial Delay, COVID-19, and Ongoing Issues, June 5, 2021
The Legal Framework for Waiving World Trade Organization (WTO) Obligations, May 17, 2021
WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), November 17, 2021
Dispute Settlement in the WTO and U.S. Trade Agreements, February 1, 2021
The World Trade Organization, February 9, 2021
Selecting a New WTO Director-General: Implications for the Global Trading System, February 18, 2021
Reforming the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, July 22, 2020
The WTO Withdrawal Resolutions, May 21, 2020
Internet Regimes and WTO E-Commerce Negotiations, January 28, 2020
The WTO’s Appellate Body Loses Its Quorum: Is This the Beginning of the End for the “Rules-Based Trading System”?, December 16, 2019
The “National Security Exception” and the World Trade Organization, November 28, 2018
Agriculture in the WTO: Rules and Limits on U.S. Domestic Support, September 6, 2018
The World Trade Organization (WTO): U.S. Participation at Risk?, July 31, 2018
The World Trade Organization, September 7, 2017
Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization (WTO): An Overview, November 26, 2016
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), January 6, 2022
The Trump Administration’s Prosper Africa Initiative, November 17, 2020
U.S. Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview, May 20, 2020
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA): Background and Reauthorization, April 22, 2015
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
China and Taiwan Both Seek to Join the CPTPP, September 24, 2021
TPP countries sign new CPTPP without the United States, March 9, 2018
UK and Brexit
The United Kingdom, France and the Indo-Pacific, August 5, 2021
Brexit: Overview, Trade, and Northern Ireland, March 24, 2021
Brexit and Outlook for U.S.-UK Trade Agreement, January 14, 2021
The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States, April 3, 2020
Brexit: Status and Outlook, February 13, 2020
New UK Leadership: Implications for Brexit, July 31, 2019
U.S.-UK Free Trade Agreement: Prospects and Issues for Congress, April 14, 2017
European Union
U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress, January 14, 2022
U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Relations, December 21, 2021
EU Agricultural Domestic Support: Overview and Comparison with the United States, June 7, 2021
U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress, June 24, 2021
EU Digital Policy and International Trade, March 25, 2021
The European Parliament and U.S. Interests, May 26, 2021
The European Union: Questions and Answers, October 28, 2021
U.S.-EU Trade and Investment Ties: Magnitude and Scope, January 19, 2020
U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress, January 22, 2021
U.S.-European Relations in the 116th Congress, May 27, 2020
Transatlantic Relations: U.S. Interests and Key Issues, April 27, 2020
U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Trade in Food and Agricultural Products, February 27, 2020
Proposed U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations: Hitting Pause on a Trade War?, August 9, 2018
U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Issues, August 1, 2018
Economic Implications of a United Kingdom Exit from the European Union, July 14, 2016
Other Free Trade Agreements
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), August 5, 2021
U.S.-Kenya FTA negotiations, July 7, 2020
U.S.-South Korea (KORUS) FTA, January 25, 2021
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), February 7, 2020
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: Status and Recent Developments, November 19, 2020
EU-Japan FTA: Implications for U.S. Trade Policy, June 26, 2020
U.S. Trade Relations with Trading Partners
U.S.-Brazil Trade Relations, October 23, 2020
U.S. Manufacturing and Trade
U.S. Steel Manufacturing: National Security and Tariffs, August 12, 2021
The Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions, March 31, 2021
Buying American: The Berry and Kissell Amendments, January 13, 2021
Job Creation in the Manufacturing Revival, July 19, 2019
U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective, February 21, 2018
Buying American: Protecting U.S. Manufacturing Through the Berry and Kissell Amendments, May 18, 2017
Trade Implications of the President’s Buy American Executive Order, CRS Insight, May 2, 2017
The Meaning of “Made in USA”, May 5, 2017
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), January 13, 2022
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview and Issues for Congress, January 7, 2021
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview, November 7, 2019
Trump Administration’s Proposed Removal of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Benefits for India and Turkey, March 15, 2019
Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers: Sunset Provisions and “Reversion 2021”, July 9, 2021
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, October 13, 2020
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers and the TAA Reauthorization Act of 2015, August 14, 2018
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers, August 1, 2016
Miscellaneous Tariff Bills (MTBs)
Miscellaneous Tariff Bills (MTBs), December 1, 2021
Miscellaneous Tariff Bills: Overview and Issues for Congress, April 22, 2016
Trade in Services and Digital Trade
International Trade in Services, December 16, 2020
Digital Trade, December 3, 2020
Data Flows, Online Privacy, and Trade Policy, March 26, 2020
U.S. Trade in Services: Trends and Policy Issues, January 22, 2020
Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) Negotiations: Overview and Issues for Congress, January 3, 2017
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
The United States Withdraws from the TPP, CRS Insight, May 4, 2017
Moving On: TPP Signatories Meet in Chile, CRS Insight, March 16, 2017
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Analysis of Economic Studies, June 30, 2016
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Key Provisions and Issues for Congress, June 14, 2016
TPP Financial Services Data Flows, CRS Insight, June 3, 2016
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): In Brief, February 9, 2016
The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Strategic Implications, February 3, 2016
Border-Adjusted Taxes
Border-Adjusted Taxes and the Rules of the World Trade Organization: The Distinction Between Direct and Indirect Taxes, CRS Legal Sidebar, March 22, 2017
International Competitiveness: An Economic Analysis of VAT Border Tax Adjustments, July 30, 2009
Other Topics
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), May 18, 2021
Huawei and US Law, February 23, 2021
Vietnam’s Economy and U.S. Trade: Key Issues in 2021, February 1, 2021
Foreign Trade Remedy Investigations of U.S. Agricultural Products, November 10, 2020
International Trade and E-commerce, July 23, 2020
Blockchain and International Trade, CRS In Focus, updated June 25, 2019
International Law and Agreements: Their Effect Upon U.S. Law, September 19, 2018
FASH455 Global Apparel & Textile Trade and Sourcing 